Презентація на тему «Nouns in English»

Nouns in English

Plural Nouns
Regular Plurals
end with s or es.

Add -es to make nouns plural that end with:
s
buses
x
taxes
ch
benches
sh
dishes

Add -ies to make nouns plural that end with a consonant and -y:
Lady - ladies
Fry – fries
City – cities
Army – armies

Most nouns that end in -f or -fe change to -ves when made plural:
Calf - calves
Knife – knives
Leaf – leaves
Wolf – wolves
Wife - wives

BUT:
Chief – chiefs
Handkerchief – handkerchiefs
Roof – roofs
Safe - safes

Nouns that end in -o add -es when made plural.
Tomato - tomatoes
Potato – potatoes
Hero -heroes

BUT:
Piano – pianos
Photo - photos

ends with -us
Change -us to -i
cactus - cactinucleus - nucleifocus - foci

ends with -is
Change -is to -es
analysis - analysescrisis - crisesthesis - theses

ends with -on
Change -on to -a
phenomenon - phenomenacriterion - criteria

IRREGULAR PLURALS

Some nouns do not change at all when made plural:
Sheep - sheep
Deer – deer
Moose – moose
Trout – trout

Some nouns become a new word when made plural:
Man – men
Woman – women
Foot - feet
Goose – geese
Tooth – teeth
Mouse – mice
Louse - lice

Child – children
Ox – oxen

A few nouns have only plural forms:
Scissors
Trousers
Jeans
Spectacles
Clothes

A few nouns have only plural forms:
Tongs
Scales
Savings
Goods
Stairs
Arms

Nouns that have only singular forms:
Money
Fruit Hair
Twilight
Advice News

Compound Nouns: the main word has plural form
Singular
Plural
billboard
billboards
cupful
cupfuls
campground
campgrounds
maid of honor
maids of honor
attorney-at-law
attorneys-at-law
step-brother
step-brothers
Great-grandma
Great-grandmas

Possessive Case
SINGULAR:
man – man's, child- child's
PLURAL:
chairs – chairs', rooms – rooms',
men - men's, women – women's

Possessive Case of Compounds and Phrases – ‘s is added to the whole phrase
Mother-in-law – mother-in-law's
Maid of honor – maid of honor's
Attorney-at-law - attorney-at-law's

Noun Suffixes

Denoting people

People in a certain occupation or activity:
er (-or): adviser, baker, butcher, driver, teacher, reader, protector, director, earner / actor, advisor, ancestor, animator, bachelor, counselor, navigator, tailor, vendor, warrior
eer: engineer, mountaineer, volunteer, domineer, auctioneer, profiteer, racketeer

Denoting people in a certain activity:
ster: gangster, gamester, trickster, prankster, funster
ee: addressee, grantee, employee, attendee, refugee, escapee, returnee
ant: servant, inhabitant, aspirant, immigrant

Denoting females/ instruments:
ess: duchess, countess, princess, empress, waitress, stewardess, hostess,
ina, ine: heroine, czarina, concertina,

Small things:
let = small, unimportant: piglet, owlet, booklet
ling = small: duckling, gosling, princeling
ette = small, imitation: cigarette, kitchenette, diskette

State/ activity:
ing: bathing, reading, cooking, writing, speaking
tion/ -sion: depression, revolution, opression, ogranization
ment: movement, agreement, development, pavement
al: arrival, approval, festival, portal

State/ status:
hood: childhood, brotherhood, motherhood, neighborhood, boyhood, parenthood, manhood
ness: happiness, freshness, attentiveness, fastness, aggressiveness, correctness, awareness
ity: rapidity, stupidity, aridity

Amount:
ful: handful, mouthful, spoonful, bowful
age: coverage, courage, percentage,

Ideas/ conditions:
ism = doctrine: communism, capitalism, racism
ship= condition: dictatorship

Ideas/ followers:
ist = follower: communist, capitalist, racist
an = follower, born in: republican, American, Asian
ite = follower, born in: islamite, kyivite.